Clinical Information

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus (single-stranded RNA) that primarily infects birds and can also infect humans and horses. WNV was first isolated in 1937 from an infected person in the West Nile district of Uganda. Until the viral infection was recognized in 1999 in birds in New York City, WNV was found only in the Eastern Hemisphere, with wide distribution in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.(1-3) In 2012, a total of 5674 cases of WNV were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, among which 2873 (51%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease (eg, meningitis or encephalitis) and 286 (5%) cases resulted in death.(2)

Most people who are infected with WNV will not develop clinical signs of illness. It is estimated that about 20% of those who become infected will develop West Nile fever with mild symptoms, including fever, headache, myalgia, and occasionally a skin rash on the trunk of the body. Case fatality rates among patients hospitalized during recent outbreaks have ranged from 4% to 14%. Advanced age is the most important risk factor for death, and patients older than 70 years of age are at particularly high risk.(1)

Laboratory diagnosis is best achieved by demonstration of specific IgG and IgM class antibodies in serum specimens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (WNCSF / West Nile Virus, RNA, PCR, Molecular Detection, Spinal Fluid) can detect WNV RNA in specimens from patients with recent WNV infection (ie, 3-5 days following infection) when specific antibodies to the virus are not yet present. However, the likelihood of detection is relatively low as the sensitivity of PCR detection is approximately 55% in spinal fluid and approximately 10% in blood from patients with known WNV infection.